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Review article: impact of cigarette smoking on intestinal inflammation—direct and indirect mechanisms
Author(s) -
Papoutsopoulou Stamatia,
Satsangi Jack,
Campbell Barry J.,
Probert Chris S.
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
alimentary pharmacology and therapeutics
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 3.308
H-Index - 177
eISSN - 1365-2036
pISSN - 0269-2813
DOI - 10.1111/apt.15774
Subject(s) - immunology , ulcerative colitis , inflammatory bowel disease , pathogenesis , immune system , medicine , inflammation , microbiome , epigenetics , disease , crohn's disease , dysbiosis , intestinal epithelium , intestinal mucosa , gut flora , bioinformatics , biology , pathology , genetics , epithelium , gene
Summary Background The inflammatory bowel diseases, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are related multifactorial diseases. Their pathogenesis is influenced by each individual's immune system, the environmental factors within exposome and genetic predisposition. Smoking habit is the single best‐established environmental factor that influences disease phenotype, behaviour and response to therapy. Aim To assess current epidemiological, experimental and clinical evidence that may explain how smoking impacts on the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Methods A Medline search for 'cigarette smoking', in combination with terms including ‘passive’, ‘second‐hand’, 'intestinal inflammation', ‘Crohn's disease’, ‘ulcerative colitis’, 'colitis'; 'intestinal epithelium', ‘immune system', 'intestinal microbiota', ‘tight junctions’, ‘mucus’, ‘goblet cells’, ‘Paneth cells’, ‘autophagy’; ‘epigenetics’, ‘genes’, ‘DNA methylation’, ‘histones’, ‘short noncoding/long noncoding RNAs’; ‘carbon monoxide/CO’ and ‘nitric oxide/NO’ was performed. Results Studies found evidence of direct and indirect effects of smoking on various parameters, including oxidative damage, impairment of intestinal barrier and immune cell function, epigenetic and microbiota composition changes, that contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Conclusions Cigarette smoking promotes intestinal inflammation by affecting the function and interactions among intestinal epithelium, immune system and microbiota/microbiome.