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Dyspepsia is strongly associated with major depression and generalised anxiety disorder ‐ a community study
Author(s) -
Mak A. D. P.,
Wu J. C. Y.,
Chan Y.,
Chan F. K. L.,
Sung J. J. Y.,
Lee S.
Publication year - 2012
Publication title -
alimentary pharmacology and therapeutics
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 3.308
H-Index - 177
eISSN - 1365-2036
pISSN - 0269-2813
DOI - 10.1111/apt.12036
Subject(s) - medicine , depression (economics) , anxiety , psychiatry , generalized anxiety disorder , major depressive disorder , anxiety disorder , clinical psychology , mood , economics , macroeconomics
Summary Background The relationship between dyspepsia and psychiatric comorbidity such as anxiety and depression is poorly defined. Previous studies have been limited by lack of standardised diagnostic criteria. Aim To examine the prevalence and comorbidity of dyspepsia as defined by Rome III (6‐month duration) with DSM ‐ IV ‐ TR generalised anxiety disorder ( GAD ) and major depressive episodes ( MDE ) in the general population. Methods A random population‐based telephone survey was done using a questionnaire on symptoms of Rome III Dyspepsia, DSM ‐ IV ‐ TR GAD and MDE and their chronological relationship. Results Of the 2011 respondents 8.0% currently had Rome III D yspepsia, 3.8% reported GAD and 12.4% reported MDE respectively. Dyspeptic subjects had a twofold increased risk of GAD ( OR = 2.03, 95% CI : 1.06–3.89, P < 0.001) and a threefold increased risk of MDE ( OR = 3.56, 95% CI : 2.33–5.43, P < 0.001). MDE and GAD most often coincided with dyspepsia in onset. Dyspepsia ( OR = 2.48, 95% CI : 1.65–3.72 P < 0.001), MDE ( OR = 2.39, 95% CI : 1.64–3.46, P < 0.001) and female sex ( OR = 1.65, 95% CI : 1.21–2.23, P < 0.001) independently predicted frequent medical consultations. GAD independently predicted high investigation expenditure ( OR = 4.65, 95% CI : 1.15–18.70, P = 0.03). Conclusions With stringently adopted Rome III and DSM ‐ IV ‐ TR criteria, dyspepsia was strongly associated and often coincident in onset with generalised anxiety disorder and major depressive episodes in the community. Excessive healthcare utilisation should alert clinicians to risk of psychiatric comorbidity.