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Emerging role of thyroid hormone metabolites
Author(s) -
Gnocchi D.,
Steffensen K. R.,
Bruscalupi G.,
Parini P.
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
acta physiologica
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.591
H-Index - 116
eISSN - 1748-1716
pISSN - 1748-1708
DOI - 10.1111/apha.12648
Subject(s) - nuclear receptor , hormone , biology , receptor , thyroid , thyroid hormone receptor , signal transduction , regulation of gene expression , microbiology and biotechnology , ion channel , bioinformatics , computational biology , gene , transcription factor , endocrinology , genetics
Thyroid hormones ( TH s) are essential for the regulation of development and metabolism in key organs. TH s produce biological effects both by directly affecting gene expression through the interaction with nuclear receptors (genomic effects) and by activating protein kinases and/or ion channels (short‐term effects). Such activations can be either direct, in the case of ion channels, or mediated by membrane or cytoplasmic receptors. Short‐term‐activated signalling pathways often play a role in the regulation of genomic effects. Several TH intermediate metabolites, which were previously considered without biological activity, have now been associated with a broad range of actions, mostly attributable to short‐term effects. Here, we give an overview of the physiological roles and mechanisms of action of TH s, focusing on the emerging position that TH metabolites are acquiring as important regulators of physiology and metabolism.