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β 3 ‐ AR and the vertebrate heart: a comparative view
Author(s) -
Imbrogno S.,
Gattuso A.,
Mazza R.,
Angelone T.,
Cerra M. C.
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
acta physiologica
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.591
H-Index - 116
eISSN - 1748-1716
pISSN - 1748-1708
DOI - 10.1111/apha.12493
Subject(s) - context (archaeology) , biology , vertebrate , receptor , endocardium , nitric oxide , function (biology) , g protein coupled receptor , microbiology and biotechnology , neuroscience , endocrinology , medicine , biochemistry , gene , paleontology
Recent cardiovascular research showed that, together with β 1 ‐ and β 2 ‐adrenergic receptors ( AR s), β 3 ‐ AR s contribute to the catecholamine ( CA )‐dependent control of the heart. β 3 ‐ AR s structure, function and ligands were investigated in mammals because of their applicative potential in human cardiovascular diseases. Only recently, the concept of a β 3 ‐ AR ‐dependent cardiac modulation was extended to non‐mammalian vertebrates, although information is still scarce and fragmentary. β 3 ‐ AR s were structurally described in fish, showing a closer relationship to mammalian β 1 ‐ AR than β 2 ‐ AR . Functional β 3 ‐ AR s are present in the cardiac tissue of teleosts and amphibians. As in mammals, activation of these receptors elicits a negative modulation of the inotropic performance through the involvement of the endothelium endocardium ( EE ), G i/0 proteins and the nitric oxide ( NO ) signalling. This review aims to comparatively analyse data from literature on β 3 ‐ AR s in mammals, with those on teleosts and amphibians. The purpose is to highlight aspects of uniformity and diversity of β 3 ‐ AR s structure, ligands activity, function and signalling cascades throughout vertebrates. This may provide new perspectives aimed to clarify the biological relevance of β 3 ‐ AR s in the context of the nervous and humoral control of the heart and its functional plasticity.