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A rectally administered combination of midazolam and ketamine was easy, effective and feasible for procedural pain in children with cerebral palsy
Author(s) -
Nilsson Stefan,
Brunsson Ingemar,
Askljung Berit,
Påhlman Magnus,
Himmelmann Kate
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
acta paediatrica
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.772
H-Index - 115
eISSN - 1651-2227
pISSN - 0803-5253
DOI - 10.1111/apa.13710
Subject(s) - medicine , midazolam , cerebral palsy , ketamine , anesthesia , gross motor function classification system , analgesic , nausea , sedation , physical therapy
Aim The aim of this study was to investigate how effective a combination of rectally administered midazolam and racemic ketamine was for reducing pain in paediatric cerebral palsy patients receiving intramuscular injections of botulinum neurotoxin A. The feasibility and safety of the pain relief were also explored. Method Children with cerebral palsy, aged one to 18 years, were recruited from a regional paediatric rehabilitation unit between April 2012 and May 2014. Pain intensity, feasibility, total time spent in the clinic and side effects were registered. Pain scores were recorded by parents and healthcare professionals using different pain scales. Results We recorded 128 procedures in 61 children. The median scores were two (range: 0–10) for pain intensity and nine (range: 0–10) for feasibility. The median treatment time in the outpatient unit was 3.25 hours, and the most common side effects were nausea, pain and sleep disturbance. Gross motor function levels showed a negative correlation with the pain scores. This method could be an alternative to nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture for patients who do not tolerate inhalation analgesia. Conclusion Rectally administered midazolam and racemic ketamine provided effective pain relief for paediatric cerebral palsy outpatients receiving painful injections and was a viable alternative to inhalation analgesia.