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Ophthalmological data on 4.5‐ to 7‐year‐old Danish children
Author(s) -
Sandfeld Lisbeth,
Weihrauch Hanne,
Tubæk Gitte,
Mortzos Panteleimon
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
acta ophthalmologica
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.534
H-Index - 87
eISSN - 1755-3768
pISSN - 1755-375X
DOI - 10.1111/aos.13650
Subject(s) - heterophoria , strabismus , cycloplegia , retinoscopy , medicine , optometry , visual acuity , astigmatism , refractive error , ophthalmology , danish , minimum deviation , stereoscopic acuity , population , optics , linguistics , philosophy , physics , environmental health
Purpose To report normative data on visual acuity (VA) for near and distance, refraction, ocular alignment, ocular motility and stereo acuity in a cohort of children aged 4.5–7 years. Methods A total of 950 children with normal development from the municipality of Roskilde, Denmark, were invited to participate in an ophthalmic cross‐sectional population‐based survey, of which 445 children in the age of 54–87 months participated with a complete ocular examination including cycloplegia. Visual acuity (VA) was tested using Kay Picture charts and notified in log MAR units. Results Mean distance VA was 0.010 logMAR [standard deviation (SD): 0.048] in right eye, and near VA in right eye was 0.012 log MAR ( SD : 0.054), with a nonsignificant difference between right and left eye in both parameters (paired t ‐test, p = 0.15 and p = 0.08, respectively). Amblyopia was found in 12 children (2.7%), mainly related to refractive errors. The mean refractive error of right eye was +1.75 D, and significant hyperopia (greater than +3.0 D) was found in 7.9%. No myopia (greater than or equal to −0.5 D) was found, astigmatism (>1 D) was seen in 4.3%. Manifest strabismus was present in 1.6%, and heterophoria in 4.0%. Reduced or absent stereo acuity was present in 35 children (7.9%) and was related to a reduced VA , refractive error and strabismus. Conclusion Ophthalmic data of 445 normally developed children are presented, supplementing previous reported normative data in children. We found a relatively high prevalence of amblyopia and of hyperopia, while myopia was not found, confirming previous studies that myopia is not developing at early age in Danish children.