Open AccessNoninvasive Fetal Electrocardiography: An Overview of the Signal Electrophysiological Meaning, Recording Procedures, and Processing Techniques
Author(s) -
Agostinelli Angela,
Grillo Marla,
Biagini Alessandra,
Giuliani Corrado,
Burattini Luca,
Fioretti Sandro,
Di Nardo Francesco,
Giannubilo Stefano R.,
Ciavattini Andrea,
Burattini Laura
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
annals of noninvasive electrocardiology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.494
H-Index - 48
eISSN - 1542-474X
pISSN - 1082-720X
DOI - 10.1111/anec.12259
Subject(s) - medicine , signal (programming language) , subtraction , noise (video) , electrocardiography , artificial intelligence , pattern recognition (psychology) , signal processing , filter (signal processing) , computer science , speech recognition , cardiology , computer vision , digital signal processing , mathematics , arithmetic , computer hardware , image (mathematics) , programming language
Background Noninvasive fetal electrocardiography (fECG), obtained positioning electrodes on the maternal abdomen, is important in safeguarding the life and the health of the unborn child. This study aims to provide a review of the state of the art of fECG, and includes a description of the parameters useful for fetus clinical evaluation; of the fECG recording procedures; and of the techniques to extract the fECG signal from the abdominal recordings. Methods The fetus clinical status is inferred by analyzing growth parameters, supraventricular arrhythmias, ST‐segment variability, and fetal‐movement parameters from the fECG signal. This can be extracted from an abdominal recording obtained using one of the following two electrode‐types configurations: pure‐abdominal and mixed. Differently from the former, the latter also provides pure maternal ECG tracings. From a mathematical point of view, the abdominal recording is a summation of three signal components: the fECG signal (i.e., the signal of interest to be extracted), the abdominal maternal ECG (amECG), and the noise. Automatic extraction of fECG includes noise removal by abdominal signal prefiltration (0.5–45 Hz bandpass filter) and amECG cancellation. Conclusions Differences among methods rely on different techniques used to extract fECG. If pure abdominal electrode configurations are used, fECG is extracted directly from the abdominal recording using independent component analysis or template subtraction. Eventually, if mixed electrode configurations are used, the fECG can be extracted using the adaptive filtering fed with the maternal ECG recorded by the electrodes located in the woman thorax or shoulder.