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Immunology of COVID‐19: Mechanisms, clinical outcome, diagnostics, and perspectives—A report of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI)
Author(s) -
Sokolowska Milena,
Lukasik Zuzanna M.,
Agache Ioana,
Akdis Cezmi A.,
Akdis Deniz,
Akdis Mübeccel,
Barcik Weronika,
Brough Helen A.,
Eiwegger Thomas,
Eljaszewicz Andrzej,
Eyerich Stefanie,
Feleszko Wojciech,
GomezCasado Cristina,
HoffmannSommergruber Karin,
Janda Jozef,
JiménezSaiz Rodrigo,
Jutel Marek,
Knol Edward F.,
Kortekaas Krohn Inge,
Kothari Akash,
Makowska Joanna,
Moniuszko Marcin,
Morita Hideaki,
O'Mahony Liam,
Nadeau Kari,
Ozdemir Cevdet,
PaliSchöll Isabella,
Palomares Oscar,
Papaleo Francesco,
Prunicki Mary,
SchmidtWeber Carsten B.,
Sediva Anna,
Schwarze Jürgen,
Shamji Mohamed H.,
TramperStranders Gerdien A.,
Veen Willem,
Untersmayr Eva
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
allergy
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 3.363
H-Index - 173
eISSN - 1398-9995
pISSN - 0105-4538
DOI - 10.1111/all.14462
Subject(s) - medicine , immunology , immune system , disease , pandemic , immune dysregulation , allergy , covid-19 , clinical immunology , intensive care medicine , infectious disease (medical specialty)
Abstract With the worldwide spread of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) resulting in declaration of a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, the SARS‐CoV‐2‐induced coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19) has become one of the main challenges of our times. The high infection rate and the severe disease course led to major safety and social restriction measures worldwide. There is an urgent need of unbiased expert knowledge guiding the development of efficient treatment and prevention strategies. This report summarizes current immunological data on mechanisms associated with the SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and COVID‐19 development and progression to the most severe forms. We characterize the differences between adequate innate and adaptive immune response in mild disease and the deep immune dysfunction in the severe multiorgan disease. The similarities of the human immune response to SARS‐CoV‐2 and the SARS‐CoV and MERS‐CoV are underlined. We also summarize known and potential SARS‐CoV‐2 receptors on epithelial barriers, immune cells, endothelium and clinically involved organs such as lung, gut, kidney, cardiovascular, and neuronal system. Finally, we discuss the known and potential mechanisms underlying the involvement of comorbidities, gender, and age in development of COVID‐19. Consequently, we highlight the knowledge gaps and urgent research requirements to provide a quick roadmap for ongoing and needed COVID‐19 studies.