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Novel predictive and therapeutic options for better pregnancy outcome in frozen embryo transfer cycles
Author(s) -
Huber Warren J.,
SauerbrunCutler MayTal,
Krueger Paula M.,
Sharma Surendra
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
american journal of reproductive immunology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.071
H-Index - 97
eISSN - 1600-0897
pISSN - 1046-7408
DOI - 10.1111/aji.13300
Subject(s) - embryo transfer , in vitro fertilisation , andrology , pregnancy , embryo cryopreservation , gynecology , embryo , cryopreservation , vitrification , human chorionic gonadotropin , obstetrics , biology , medicine , microbiology and biotechnology , genetics
Since 1978, in the first decades of in vitro fertilization (IVF), the use of ovarian hyperstimulation allowed for the development and transfer of multiple embryos. As IVF technology improved, the number of multiple pregnancies increased, which led to gradual reduction in the number of embryos that were transferred. Embryo freezing (vitrification) was recommended to allow subsequent transfer if the fresh cycle was unsuccessful. However, experimentation has continued to improve pregnancy outcomes. We discuss here the significance of frozen embryo transfer cycle and the impact of uterine and peripheral immunity dominated by NK cells and regulatory T cells and human chorionic gonadotropin on pregnancy outcome in this innovative mode of IVF therapy.