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HSV ‐2 enhances ZIKV infection of the placenta and induces apoptosis in first‐trimester trophoblast cells
Author(s) -
Aldo Paulomi,
You Yuan,
Szigeti Klara,
Horvath Tamas L,
Lindenbach Brett,
Mor Gil
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
american journal of reproductive immunology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.071
H-Index - 97
eISSN - 1600-0897
pISSN - 1046-7408
DOI - 10.1111/aji.12578
Subject(s) - zika virus , trophoblast , placenta , biology , fetus , virology , immunology , syncytiotrophoblast , microcephaly , coinfection , pregnancy , virus , herpes simplex virus , genetics
Problem Zika virus ( ZIKV ) has gained public concern for its association with microcephaly in infants born to ZIKV ‐infected mothers. To reach the fetus the virus must overcome the defense mechanisms provided by trophoblast cells. Additionally, in the first trimester, the integrity of the placenta is critical for fetal protection as damage to differentiating trophoblast can affect placental formation and function. We sought to investigate the effect of ZIKV infection on trophoblast cells and the factors that might increase the risk for ZIKV infection during pregnancy. Methods First‐trimester human trophoblast cells, Swan 7.1, were infected with ZIKV , herpes simplex virus‐2 ( HSV ‐2), and yellow fiver ( YFV ). C57 BL /6 pregnant mice were infected with HSV ‐2, ZIKV , or coinfection. Placental viral titers were determined by RT ‐ PCR . Results ZIKV infection induces apoptosis in first‐trimester trophoblasts and prevents differentiation of these cells. Furthermore, HSV ‐2 infection enhances placental sensitivity to ZIKV by enhancing the expression of TAM receptors, which facilitate ZIKV cell entry. Conclusion These findings may explain the mechanism by which ZIKV breaches the placental barrier to access the fetus. Furthermore, our results suggest that patients with HSV ‐2 infection are at a higher risk for the teratogenic effects induced by ZIKV .