Genetic and environmental factors in the trade‐off between sexual and asexual reproduction of a rare clonal angiosperm

Understanding the factors that influence the trade‐off between flowering and clonal growth in angiosperms is of great interest to botanists, plant ecologists and evolutionary biologists. Being able, ultimately, to manipulate these factors has potentially wide‐ranging applications in conservation biology, horticulture and agriculture. A rare, native Australian species, Melaleuca deanei , displays a low frequency of flowering and failed seedling recruitment, with persistence and expansion in the field predominantly via clonal root suckering. A decade of studies into its reproductive biology and ecology reveal both genetic and environmental factors reducing sexual success within its populations. Five factors influencing the trade‐off from sexual reproduction to clonal propagation are distilled and discussed in this work: 1. environmental constraint on sexual success; 2. small population size/low mate availability; 3. an obligate outcrossing breeding system; 4. somatic mutations in older clones; and 5. phylogenetic constraint. The work is potentially informative to the life cycles and management of other clonal angiosperms, be they rare and endangered; highly fecund weedy species; or economically important species. Methods to test each factor in future studies are proposed.