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Evaluating four motivation‐phase intervention components for use with primary care patients unwilling to quit smoking: a randomized factorial experiment
Author(s) -
Cook Jessica W.,
Baker Timothy B.,
Fiore Michael C.,
Collins Linda M.,
Piper Megan E.,
Schlam Tanya R.,
Bolt Daniel M.,
Smith Stevens S.,
Zwaga Deejay,
Jorenby Douglas E.,
Mermelstein Robin
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
addiction
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.424
H-Index - 193
eISSN - 1360-0443
pISSN - 0965-2140
DOI - 10.1111/add.15528
Subject(s) - abstinence , smoking cessation , medicine , psychological intervention , nicotine patch , randomized controlled trial , nicotine , nicotine replacement therapy , clinical psychology , psychiatry , alternative medicine , pathology , placebo
Aims To assess the effectiveness of intervention components designed to increase quit attempts and promote abstinence in patients initially unwilling to quit smoking. Design A four‐factor, randomized factorial experiment. Setting Sixteen primary care clinics in southern Wisconsin. Participants A total of 577 adults who smoke (60% women, 80% White) recruited during primary care visits who were currently willing to reduce their smoking but unwilling to try to quit. Interventions Four factors contrasted intervention components administered over a 1‐year period: (i) nicotine mini‐lozenge versus none; (ii) reduction counseling versus none; (iii) behavioral activation (BA) counseling versus none; and (iv) motivational 5Rs counseling versus none. Participants could request cessation treatment at any time. Measurements The primary outcome was 7‐day point‐prevalence abstinence at 52 weeks post enrollment; secondary outcomes were point‐prevalence abstinence at 26 weeks and making a quit attempt by weeks 26 and 52. Findings No abstinence main effects were found but a mini‐lozenge × reduction counseling × BA interaction was found at 52 weeks; P = 0.03. Unpacking this interaction showed that the mini‐lozenge alone produced the highest abstinence rate (16.7%); combining it with reduction counseling produced an especially low abstinence rate (4.1%). Reduction counseling decreased the likelihood of making a quit attempt by 52 weeks relative to no reduction counseling ( P = 0.01). Conclusions Nicotine mini‐lozenges may increase smoking abstinence in people initially unwilling to quit smoking, but their effectiveness declines when used with smoking reduction counseling or other behavioral interventions. Reduction counseling decreases the likelihood of making a quit attempt in people initially unwilling to quit smoking.