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Saliva cotinine concentrations in pregnant women who smoke and use nicotine patches
Author(s) -
Claire Ravinder,
Coleman Tim,
LeonardiBee Jo,
Berlin Ivan
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
addiction
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.424
H-Index - 193
eISSN - 1360-0443
pISSN - 0965-2140
DOI - 10.1111/add.14662
Subject(s) - cotinine , nicotine , medicine , saliva , placebo , confidence interval , nicotine replacement therapy , pregnancy , nicotine patch , randomized controlled trial , smoking cessation , smoke , anesthesia , physics , alternative medicine , pathology , biology , meteorology , genetics
Background and Aims Due to concerns about increased exposure to nicotine, pregnant women using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) to stop smoking are usually advised to stop using NRT if they relapse to smoking. This study investigated whether this is justified. We compared changes in saliva cotinine from baseline to 2 weeks post‐target quit date pregnant smokers who relapsed to smoking and continued to use their patches having been assigned to use nicotine patches or placebo. Design and Setting Controlled pre–post design stratified by intervention condition from the ‘Study of Nicotine Patch in Pregnancy’, a randomized, placebo‐controlled trial. Participants A sample of 268 pregnant women, assigned placebo ( n = 122) or nicotine ( n = 146) patches, who returned for further supplies of patches and who reported any smoking in the week prior to a visit at 2 weeks after their target quit date. Measurements Saliva cotinine concentrations were measured at baseline and 2 weeks after participants’ target quit dates. Any smoking in the previous week was assessed by self‐report, validated by expired air carbon monoxide (CO). Findings There was no change in saliva cotinine concentrations between baseline and 2 weeks post‐target quit date in saliva cotinine concentration in the nicotine patch group [ratio of geometric means = 0.94, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.83 to 1.07; P = 0.37, Bayes factor = 0.15]. However, there was a reduction in reported number of cigarettes smoked/day (mean difference −6, 95% CIs −7 to −5, P < 0.001) and in CO concentrations (mean difference −3.0 parts per million, 95% CIs −4.2 to −1.9, P < 0.001). These changes were not significantly different from changes in the placebo group except for cigarette consumption, which reduced more in the nicotine group ( P = 0.046). Conclusions In women trying to stop smoking with the aid of a nicotine patch but having smoked at 2 weeks post‐target quit, their nicotine concentration did not change from baseline, but they reported smoking fewer cigarettes and had lower carbon monoxide concentrations.