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Depression motivates quit attempts but predicts relapse: differential findings for gender from the International Tobacco Control Study
Author(s) -
Cooper Jae,
Borland Ron,
McKee Sherry A.,
Yong HuaHie,
Dugué PierreAntoine
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
addiction
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.424
H-Index - 193
eISSN - 1360-0443
pISSN - 0965-2140
DOI - 10.1111/add.13290
Subject(s) - tobacco control , depression (economics) , differential (mechanical device) , psychology , clinical psychology , differential effects , smoking cessation , medicine , psychiatry , public health , pathology , macroeconomics , nursing , engineering , aerospace engineering , economics
Aims To determine whether signs of current depression predict attempts to quit smoking, and short‐term abstinence among those who try, and to test moderating effects of gender and cessation support (pharmacological and behavioural). Design Prospective cohort with approximately annual waves. Among smokers at one wave we assessed outcomes at the next wave using mixed‐effects logistic regressions. Setting Waves 5–8 of the Four Country International Tobacco Control Study: a quasi‐experimental cohort study of smokers from Canada , USA , UK and Australia . Participants A total of 6811 tobacco smokers who participated in telephone surveys. Measurements Three‐level depression index: (1) neither low positive affect (LPA) nor negative affect (NA) in the last 4 weeks; (2) LPA and/or NA but not diagnosed with depression in the last 12 months; and (3) diagnosed with depression. Outcomes were quit attempts and 1‐month abstinence among attempters. Findings Depression positively predicted quit attempts, but not after controlling for quitting history and motivational variables. Controlling for all covariates, depression consistently negatively predicted abstinence. Cessation support did not moderate this effect. There was a significant interaction with gender for quit attempts ( P = 0.018) and abstinence ( P = 0.049) after controlling for demographics, but not after all covariates. Depression did not predict abstinence among men. Among women, depressive symptoms [odds ratio (OR) = 0.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.49–0.81] and diagnosis (OR = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.34–0.63) negatively predicted abstinence. Conclusions Smokers with depressive symptoms or diagnosis make more quit attempts than their non‐depressed counterparts, which may be explained by higher motivation to quit, but they are also more likely to relapse in the first month. These findings are stronger in women than men.