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Comparative effectiveness of motivation phase intervention components for use with smokers unwilling to quit: a factorial screening experiment
Author(s) -
Cook Jessica W.,
Collins Linda M.,
Fiore Michael C.,
Smith Stevens S.,
Fraser David,
Bolt Daniel M.,
Baker Timothy B.,
Piper Megan E.,
Schlam Tanya R.,
Jorenby Douglas,
Loh WeiYin,
Mermelstein Robin
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
addiction
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.424
H-Index - 193
eISSN - 1360-0443
pISSN - 0965-2140
DOI - 10.1111/add.13161
Subject(s) - abstinence , smoking cessation , medicine , motivational interviewing , nicotine gum , nicotine , psychological intervention , randomized controlled trial , nicotine patch , nicotine dependence , psychiatry , alternative medicine , pathology , placebo
Aims To screen promising intervention components designed to reduce smoking and promote abstinence in smokers initially unwilling to quit. Design A balanced, four‐factor, randomized factorial experiment. Setting Eleven primary care clinics in southern Wisconsin, USA. Participants A total of 517 adult smokers (63.4% women, 91.1% white) recruited during primary care visits who were willing to reduce their smoking but not quit. Interventions Four factors contrasted intervention components designed to reduce smoking and promote abstinence: (1) nicotine patch versus none; (2) nicotine gum versus none; (3) motivational interviewing (MI) versus none; and (4) behavioral reduction counseling (BR) versus none. Participants could request cessation treatment at any point during the study. Measurements The primary outcome was percentage change in cigarettes smoked per day at 26 weeks post‐study enrollment; the secondary outcomes were percentage change at 12 weeks and point‐prevalence abstinence at 12 and 26 weeks post‐study enrollment. Findings There were few main effects, but a significant four‐way interaction at 26 weeks post‐study enrollment ( P = 0.01, β = 0.12) revealed relatively large smoking reductions by two component combinations: nicotine gum combined with BR and BR combined with MI. Further, BR improved 12‐week abstinence rates ( P = 0.04), and nicotine gum, when used without MI, increased 26–week abstinence after a subsequent aided quit attempt ( P = 0.01). Conclusions Motivation‐phase nicotine gum and behavioral reduction counseling are promising intervention components for smokers who are initially unwilling to quit.