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Substance use disorders in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a 4‐year follow‐up study
Author(s) -
Groenman Annabeth P.,
Oosterlaan Jaap,
Rommelse Nanda,
Franke Barbara,
Roeyers Herbert,
Oades Robert D.,
Sergeant Joseph A.,
Buitelaar Jan K.,
Faraone Stephen V.
Publication year - 2013
Publication title -
addiction
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.424
H-Index - 193
eISSN - 1360-0443
pISSN - 0965-2140
DOI - 10.1111/add.12188
Subject(s) - attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , psychiatry , comorbidity , nicotine , conduct disorder , proband , substance abuse , medicine , hazard ratio , psychology , clinical psychology , confidence interval , biochemistry , chemistry , mutation , gene
Aim To examine the relationship between a childhood diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) with or without oppositional defiant disorder ( ODD )/conduct disorder ( CD ) and the development of later alcohol/drug use disorder [psychoactive substance use disorder ( PSUD )] and nicotine dependence in a large E uropean sample of ADHD probands, their siblings and healthy control subjects. Participantsdesign and setting Subjects ( n = 1017) were participants in the B elgian, D utch and G erman part of the I nternational M ulticenter ADHD G enetics ( IMAGE ) study. IMAGE families were identified through ADHD probands aged 5–17 years attending out‐patient clinics, and control subjects from the same geographic areas. After a follow‐up period (mean: 4.4 years) this subsample was re‐assessed at a mean age of 16.4 years. Measurements PSUD and nicotine dependence were assessed using the D iagnostic I nterview S chedule for C hildren, A lcohol U se D isorders I dentification T est, D rug A buse S creening T est and F agerström test for N icotine D ependence. Findings The ADHD sample was at higher risk of developing PSUD [hazard ratio ( HR ) = 1.77, 95% confidence interval ( CI) = 1.05–3.00] and nicotine dependence ( HR = 8.61, 95% CI = 2.44–30.34) than healthy controls. The rates of these disorders were highest for ADHD youth who also had CD , but could not be accounted for by this comorbidity. We did not find an increased risk of developing PSUD ( HR = 1.18, 95% CI = 0.62–2.27) or nicotine dependence ( HR = 1.89, 95% CI = 0.46–7.77) among unaffected siblings of ADHD youth. Conclusions A childhood diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a risk factor for psychoactive substance use disorder and nicotine dependence in adolescence and comorbid conduct disorder, but not oppositional defiant disorder, further increases the risk of developing psychoactive substance use disorder and nicotine dependence.