Premium
Plasma profile of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in cocaine users under outpatient treatment: influence of cocaine symptom severity and psychiatric co‐morbidity
Author(s) -
Araos Pedro,
Pedraz María,
Serrano Antonia,
Lucena Miguel,
Barrios Vicente,
GarcíaMarcheuria,
CamposCloute Rafael,
Ruiz Juan J.,
Romero Pablo,
Suárez Juan,
Baixeras Elena,
Torre Rafael,
Montesinos Jorge,
Guerri Consuelo,
RodríguezArias Marta,
Miñarro José,
MartínezRiera Roser,
Torrens Marta,
Chowen Julie A.,
Argente Jesús,
Mason Barbara J.,
Pavón Francisco J.,
Rodríguez de Fonseca Fernando
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
addiction biology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.445
H-Index - 78
eISSN - 1369-1600
pISSN - 1355-6215
DOI - 10.1111/adb.12156
Subject(s) - medicine , chemokine , psychiatry , cocaine dependence , addiction , inflammation
The treatment for cocaine use constitutes a clinical challenge because of the lack of appropriate therapies and the high rate of relapse. Recent evidence indicates that the immune system might be involved in the pathogenesis of cocaine addiction and its co‐morbid psychiatric disorders. This work examined the plasma pro‐inflammatory cytokine and chemokine profile in abstinent cocaine users ( n = 82) who sought outpatient cocaine treatment and age/sex/body mass‐matched controls ( n = 65). Participants were assessed with the diagnostic interview P sychiatric R esearch I nterview for S ubstance and M ental D iseases according to the D iagnostic and S tatistical M anual of M ental D isorders, F ourth E dition, T ext R evision ( DSM‐IV ‐ TR ). Tumor necrosis factor‐alpha, chemokine ( C ‐ C motif) ligand 2/monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 and chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand 12 ( CXCL 12)/stromal cell‐derived factor‐1 ( SDF ‐1) were decreased in cocaine users, although all cytokines were identified as predictors of a lifetime pathological use of cocaine. Interleukin‐1 beta ( IL ‐1β), chemokine (C‐X 3 ‐C motif) ligand 1 ( CX3CL 1)/fractalkine and CXCL 12/ SDF ‐1 positively correlated with the cocaine symptom severity when using the DSM ‐ IV ‐ TR criteria for cocaine abuse/dependence. These cytokines allowed the categorization of the outpatients into subgroups according to severity, identifying a subgroup of severe cocaine users (9–11 criteria) with increased prevalence of co‐morbid psychiatric disorders [mood (54%), anxiety (32%), psychotic (30%) and personality (60%) disorders]. IL ‐1β was observed to be increased in users with such psychiatric disorders relative to those users with no diagnosis. In addition to these clinical data, studies in mice demonstrated that plasma IL ‐1β, CX3CL 1 and CXCL 12 were also affected after acute and chronic cocaine administration, providing a preclinical model for further research. In conclusion, cocaine exposure modifies the circulating levels of pro‐inflammatory mediators. Plasma cytokine/chemokine monitoring could improve the stratification of cocaine consumers seeking treatment and thus facilitate the application of appropriate interventions, including management of heightened risk of psychiatric co‐morbidity. Further research is necessary to elucidate the role of the immune system in the etiology of cocaine addiction.