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Negative evaluation of role transitions is associated with perceived stress and alcohol consequences: Examination of the Transitions Overload Model in young adulthood using two years of monthly data
Author(s) -
Cadigan Jennifer M.,
Fleming Charles B.,
Patrick Megan E.,
Lewis Melissa A.,
Rhew Isaac C.,
Abdallah Devon A.,
Fairlie Anne M.,
Schulenberg John E.,
Larimer Mary E.,
Lee Christine M.
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
alcoholism: clinical and experimental research
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.267
H-Index - 153
eISSN - 1530-0277
pISSN - 0145-6008
DOI - 10.1111/acer.14636
Subject(s) - young adult , psychology , alcohol , stress (linguistics) , developmental psychology , injury prevention , multilevel model , human factors and ergonomics , poison control , clinical psychology , medicine , environmental health , chemistry , biochemistry , linguistics , philosophy , machine learning , computer science
Background Young adulthood is characterized by transitions into and out of social roles in multiple domains. Consistent with self‐medication models of alcohol use, the Transitions Overload Model ( J Stud Alcohol Suppl , 14 , 2002, 54) hypothesizes that one cause of increased alcohol use during young adulthood may be the stress of navigating simultaneous role transitions. This study examined the simultaneous occurrence of major developmental role transitions in the domains of education, employment, romantic relationships, and residential status and their associations with perceived stress, heavy episodic drinking (HED), and negative alcohol‐related consequences. Further, we extended the Transitions Overload Model to explore whether the number of transitions rated as having a negative impact on one's life was related to perceived stress, HED, and alcohol‐related consequences. Methods A community sample of young adult drinkers ( N = 767, 57% women, ages 18 to 25 years) in the Pacific Northwest provided monthly data across 2 years. Multilevel models were used to assess the average (between‐person) and month‐to‐month (within‐person) associations of role transitions with perceived stress, HED, and negative alcohol‐related consequences. Results Although having more role transitions was positively associated with HED frequency and alcohol‐related consequences at both the between‐ and within‐person (monthly) levels, it was not associated with increased stress. The number of transitions rated as having a negative impact on one's life, however, was positively associated with stress. Thus, rather than the total number of transitions, it is the number of negatively perceived major developmental role transitions that is associated with perceived stress and increased risk for negative alcohol‐related consequences. Conclusions Contrary to Transitions Overload Model assumptions, more transitions were not a significant predictor of more perceived stress; rather, the evaluation of the transition as negative was associated with stress and negative alcohol‐related outcomes. This distinction may help elucidate the etiology of stress and subsequent alcohol consequences and identify individuals at‐risk of these effects.