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Sex Differences in the Pathways to Symptoms of Alcohol Use Disorder: A Study of Opposite‐Sex Twin Pairs
Author(s) -
Kendler Kenneth S.,
Edwards Alexis C.,
Gardner Charles O.
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
alcoholism: clinical and experimental research
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.267
H-Index - 153
eISSN - 1530-0277
pISSN - 0145-6008
DOI - 10.1111/acer.12694
Subject(s) - neuroticism , psychology , psychopathology , demography , novelty seeking , dizygotic twin , twin study , population , anxiety , clinical psychology , developmental psychology , heritability , psychiatry , temperament , personality , social psychology , sociology , biology , genetics
Background We sought to develop an empirical, broad‐based developmental model for sex differences in risk for symptoms of alcohol use disorders, here called alcohol problems ( AP s). Methods We assessed 18 risk factors in 5 developmental tiers in both members of 1,377 opposite‐sex dizygotic twin pairs from the Virginia population‐based twin registry. Analyses were conducted by structural modeling, examining within‐pair differences. Results The best‐fitting model explained 73% of the variance in men and 71% in women for last year AP . Forty‐nine percent of paths differed significantly across sexes. Ten variables had appreciably different predictive effects on AP in males versus females. Three were stronger in females: familial risk, early‐onset anxiety disorders, and nicotine dependence. Seven predictors had a stronger total effect in males: novelty seeking, conduct disorder, childhood sexual abuse, parental loss, neuroticism, low self‐esteem, and low marital satisfaction. Conclusions In a co‐twin control design, which matches sisters and brothers on genetic and familial–environmental background, we found numerous sex differences in predictors of last year AP . Factors that were more prominent in men and in women were diverse, reflecting both internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. The model was slightly more successful at predicting AP in men than in women.