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An ADH 1B Variant and Peer Drinking in Progression to Adolescent Drinking Milestones: Evidence of a Gene‐by‐Environment Interaction
Author(s) -
Olfson Emily,
Edenberg Howard J.,
Nurnberger John,
Agrawal Arpana,
Bucholz Kathleen K.,
Almasy Laura A.,
Chorlian David,
Dick Danielle M.,
Hesselbrock Victor M.,
Kramer John R.,
Kuperman Samuel,
Porjesz Bernice,
Schuckit Marc A.,
Tischfield Jay A.,
Wang JenChyong,
Wetherill Leah,
Foroud Tatiana M.,
Rice John,
Goate Alison,
Bierut Laura J.
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
alcoholism: clinical and experimental research
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.267
H-Index - 153
eISSN - 1530-0277
pISSN - 0145-6008
DOI - 10.1111/acer.12524
Subject(s) - context (archaeology) , proportional hazards model , medicine , adh1b , longitudinal study , minor allele frequency , young adult , social environment , alcohol use disorder , injury prevention , poison control , alcohol , psychology , demography , environmental health , allele , gerontology , genetics , gene , allele frequency , biology , enzyme , pathology , sociology , branched chain alpha keto acid dehydrogenase complex , paleontology , biochemistry , dehydrogenase , law , political science
Background Adolescent drinking is an important public health concern, one that is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The functional variant rs1229984 in alcohol dehydrogenase 1B ( ADH 1B ) has been associated at a genome‐wide level with alcohol use disorders in diverse adult populations. However, few data are available regarding whether this variant influences early drinking behaviors and whether social context moderates this effect. This study examines the interplay between rs1229984 and peer drinking in the development of adolescent drinking milestones. Methods One thousand five hundred and fifty European and African American individuals who had a full drink of alcohol before age 18 were selected from a longitudinal study of youth as part of the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism ( COGA ). Cox proportional hazards regression, with G × E product terms in the final models, was used to study 2 primary outcomes during adolescence: age of first intoxication and age of first DSM ‐5 alcohol use disorder symptom. Results The minor A allele of rs1229984 was associated with a protective effect for first intoxication ( HR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.76) and first DSM ‐5 symptom ( HR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.77) in the final models. Reporting that most or all best friends drink was associated with a hazardous effect for first intoxication ( HR = 1.81, 95% CI 1.62 to 2.01) and first DSM ‐5 symptom ( HR = 2.17, 95% 1.88 to 2.50) in the final models. Furthermore, there was a significant G × E interaction for first intoxication ( p = 0.002) and first DSM ‐5 symptom ( p = 0.01). Among individuals reporting none or few best friends drinking, the ADH 1B variant had a protective effect for adolescent drinking milestones, but for those reporting most or all best friends drinking, this effect was greatly reduced. Conclusions Our results suggest that the risk factor of best friends drinking attenuates the protective effect of a well‐established ADH 1B variant for 2 adolescent drinking behaviors. These findings illustrate the interplay between genetic and environmental factors in the development of drinking milestones during adolescence.