Premium
Approaching the Prevalence of the Full Spectrum of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in a S outh A frican Population‐Based Study
Author(s) -
May Philip A.,
Blankenship Jason,
Marais AnnaSusan,
Gossage J. Phillip,
Kalberg Wendy O.,
Barnard Ronel,
Vries Marlene,
Robinson Luther K.,
Adnams Colleen M.,
Buckley David,
Manning Melanie,
Jones Kenneth L.,
Parry Charles,
Hoyme H. Eugene,
Seedat Soraya
Publication year - 2013
Publication title -
alcoholism: clinical and experimental research
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.267
H-Index - 153
eISSN - 1530-0277
pISSN - 0145-6008
DOI - 10.1111/acer.12033
Subject(s) - fetal alcohol syndrome , medicine , fetal alcohol , prenatal alcohol exposure , population , fetal alcohol spectrum disorder , cognition , alcohol , pregnancy , pediatrics , clinical psychology , psychology , psychiatry , environmental health , biology , biochemistry , genetics
Background The prevalence and characteristics of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders ( FASD ) were determined in this fourth study of first‐grade children in a S outh A frican community. Methods Active case ascertainment methods were employed among 747 first‐grade pupils. The detailed characteristics of children within the continuum of FASD are contrasted with randomly selected, normal controls on (i) physical growth and dysmorphology; (ii) cognitive/behavioral characteristics; and (iii) maternal risk factors. Results The rates of specific diagnoses within the FASD spectrum continue to be among the highest reported in any community in the world. The prevalence (per 1,000) is as follows: fetal alcohol syndrome ( FAS )—59.3 to 91.0; partial fetal alcohol syndrome ( PFAS )—45.3 to 69.6; and alcohol‐related neurodevelopmental disorder ( ARND )—30.5 to 46.8. The overall rate of FASD is therefore 135.1 to 207.5 per 1,000 (or 13.6 to 20.9%). Clinical profiles of the physical and cognitive/behavioral traits of children with a specific FASD diagnosis and controls are provided for understanding the full spectrum of FASD in a community. The spectral effect is evident in the characteristics of the diagnostic groups and summarized by the total (mean) dysmorphology scores of the children: FAS = 18.9; PFAS = 14.3; ARND = 12.2; and normal controls, alcohol exposed = 8.2 and unexposed = 7.1. Documented drinking during pregnancy is significantly correlated with verbal ( r = −0.253) and nonverbal ability ( r = −0.265), negative behaviors ( r = 0.203), and total dysmorphology score ( r = 0.431). Other measures of drinking during pregnancy are significantly associated with FASD , including binge drinking as low as 3 drinks per episode on 2 days of the week. Conclusions High rates of specific diagnoses within FASD were well documented in this new cohort of children. FASD persists in this community. The data reflect an increased ability to provide accurate and discriminating diagnoses throughout the continuum of FASD .