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Long‐term Mortality in Pediatric Firearm Assault Survivors: A Multicenter, Retrospective, Comparative Cohort Study
Author(s) -
Shaahinfar Ashkon,
Yen Irene H.,
Alter Harrison J.,
Gildengorin Ginny,
Pan SunMing J.,
Betts James M.,
Fahimi Jahan
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
academic emergency medicine
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.221
H-Index - 124
eISSN - 1553-2712
pISSN - 1069-6563
DOI - 10.1111/acem.13631
Subject(s) - medicine , hazard ratio , retrospective cohort study , confidence interval , proportional hazards model , homicide , poison control , cohort , demography , cohort study , national death index , injury prevention , pediatrics , emergency medicine , surgery , sociology
Abstract Objectives The objective was to determine whether children surviving to hospital discharge after firearm assault ( FA ) and nonfirearm assault ( NFA ) are at increased risk of mortality relative to survivors of unintentional trauma ( UT ). Secondarily, the objective was to elucidate the factors associated with long‐term mortality after pediatric trauma. Methods This was a multicenter, retrospective cohort study of pediatric patients aged 0 to 16 years who presented to the three trauma centers in San Francisco and Alameda counties, California, between January 2000 and December 2009 after 1) FA , 2) NFA , and 3) UT . The Social Security Death Master File and the California Department of Public Health Vital Statistics (2000–2014) were queried through December 31, 2014, to identify those who died after surviving their initial hospitalization and to delineate cause of death. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to determine associations between exposure to assault and long‐term mortality. Results We analyzed 413 FA , 405 NFA , and 7,062 UT patients who survived their index hospital visit. A total of 75 deaths occurred, including 3.9, 3.2, and 0.7% of each cohort, respectively. Two‐thirds of all long‐term deaths were due to homicide. After multivariate adjustment, adolescent age, male sex, black race/ethnicity, and public insurance were independent risk factors for long‐term mortality. FA (adjusted hazard ratio [ AHR ] = 1.8, 95% confidence interval [ CI ] = 0.82–4.0) and NFA ( AHR = 1.9, 95% CI = 0.93–3.9) did not convey a statistically significant difference in risk of long‐term mortality compared to UT . Being assaulted by any means (with or without a firearm), however, was an independent risk factor for long‐term mortality in the full study population ( AHR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.01–3.4) and among adolescents ( AHR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.01–3.6). Conclusion Children and adolescents who survive assault, including by firearm, have increased long‐term mortality compared to those who survive unintentional, nonviolent trauma.