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Immunosuppressants produced by Streptomyces : evolution, hygiene hypothesis, tumour rapalog resistance and probiotics
Author(s) -
Bolourian Alireza,
Mojtahedi Zahra
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
environmental microbiology reports
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.229
H-Index - 69
ISSN - 1758-2229
DOI - 10.1111/1758-2229.12617
Subject(s) - microbiome , economic shortage , colonisation resistance , biology , microbiology and biotechnology , streptomyces , hygiene hypothesis , inflammatory bowel diseases , bacteria , intestinal bacteria , drug resistance , immunology , resistance (ecology) , medicine , immune system , inflammatory bowel disease , colonization , bioinformatics , disease , genetics , ecology , linguistics , philosophy , government (linguistics)
Summary Resistance to a drug and the suppression of inflammatory disorders with immunosuppressive drugs might have happened upon exposure to natural compounds during evolution. Streptomycetes are soil bacteria, but they produce therapeutic drugs. They have been reported to be the low‐abundant members of mucosal microbiomes with a higher prevalence in nonhumans ingesting soil compared with humans. Their lower abundance in the human microbiome might be the representations of our current hygienic lifestyle. We suggest that the Streptomyces bacteria producing antiproliferative/immunosuppressive compounds (e.g., rapamycin and tacrolimus) contribute to the rapalog resistance of certain mucosal tumours (e.g., colon cancer) and the ‘hygiene hypothesis’. If so, the shortage of exposure to these compounds in the current lifestyle might be an underlying reason for the increase of inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). An investigation on adding certain Streptomycetes (e.g., S. hygroscopicus and S. tubercidicus) to the list of probiotics against inflammatory diseases would be an interesting research area in the future.