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Symbiont‐driven sulfur crystal formation in a thiotrophic symbiosis from deep‐sea hydrocarbon seeps
Author(s) -
Eichinger Irmgard,
SchmitzEsser Stephan,
Schmid Markus,
Fisher Charles R.,
Bright Monika
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
environmental microbiology reports
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.229
H-Index - 69
ISSN - 1758-2229
DOI - 10.1111/1758-2229.12149
Subject(s) - symbiosis , biology , sulfur , phylotype , population , hydrothermal vent , ecology , bacteria , 16s ribosomal rna , gene , biochemistry , chemistry , genetics , hydrothermal circulation , paleontology , organic chemistry , demography , sociology
Summary The siboglinid tubeworm Sclerolinum contortum symbiosis inhabits sulfidic sediments at deep‐sea hydrocarbon seeps in the G ulf of M exico. A single symbiont phylotype in the symbiont‐housing organ is inferred from phylogenetic analyses of the 16 S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (16 S rRNA ) gene and fluorescent in situ hybridization. The phylotype we studied here, and a previous study from an arctic hydrocarbon seep population, reveal identical 16 S rRNA symbiont gene sequences. While sulfide is apparently the energy source for the symbionts (and ultimately the gutless host), both partners also have to cope with its toxicity. This study demonstrates abundant large sulfur crystals restricted to the trophosome area. Based on R aman microspectroscopy and energy dispersive X ‐ray analysis, these crystals have the same S 8 sulfur configuration as the recently described small sulfur vesicles formed in the symbionts. The crystals reside adjacent to the symbionts in the trophosome. This suggests that their formation is either extra‐ or intracellular in symbionts. We propose that formation of these crystals provides both energy‐storage compounds for the symbionts and serves the symbiosis by removing excess toxic sulfide from host tissues. This symbiont‐mediated sulfide detoxification may have been crucial for the establishment of thiotrophic symbiosis and continues to remain an important function of the symbionts.