Elastographic ultrasound: an additional image tool in Sjögren's syndrome

Aim To evaluate the stiffness of parotid and submandibular glands using elastography ultrasound and to correlate it with B‐mode ultrasonographical, clinical and serological features, salivary profibrotic and inflammatory chemokines, and salivary gland fibrosis. Methods We performed B‐mode and elastography ultrasound of major salivary glands of 26 patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome. We registered the shear wave velocity (SWV) and correlated it with the morphologic ultrasonographic changes assessed by the Hocevar scale. We assessed the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) Sjögren's Syndrome Disease Activity Index (ESSDAI), EULAR Sjögren's Syndrome Patient Reported Index (ESSPRI), non‐stimulated whole salivary flow rate (NSWSF), C3 and C4 levels, anti‐Ro/La antibodies, salivary inflammatory (C‐X‐C motif ligand 13 [CXCL13], CXCL10, CXCL8, C‐C motif ligand 2 [CCL2], interleukin 10 [IL‐10] and IL‐6) and pro‐fibrotic (CXCL14, CCL28, tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand and transforming growth factor β) chemokines and cytokines and evaluated the presence of fibrosis in the minor salivary gland. Results Ninety‐two percent of patients were women; mean age was 51.1 ± 11 years; median disease duration was 6.1 years; 92.3% had oral symptoms and 26.9% fibrosis. The median B‐mode score was 22.2 points and the median SWV 2.5 m/s (τ = 0.53, P  = 0.001). The SWV correlated with the NSWSF (τ = –0.53, P  =   0.001), ESSDAI (τ = 0.31, P  =   0.03), glandular ESDDAI domain (τ = 0.36, P  =   0.02), C4 levels (τ = –0.32, P  =   0.04), salivary CXCL13 (τ = 0.29, P  =   0.03) and CXCL10 (τ = 0.30, P  =   0.003), but not with age and fibrosis. Conclusion WV correlated with the B‐mode ultrasound score, systemic and glandular activity and in a large degree with CXCL10, an inflammatory chemokine, but not with fibrosis. An increased SWV might represent chronic glandular inflammation rather than fibrotic changes in these patients.