Breast implant‐associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma, an under‐recognised entity

Summary Breast implant‐associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma ( BIA ‐ ALCL ) is a rare form of T‐cell lymphoma, recently linked to the use of certain types of breast implants. Although rare, BIA ‐ ALCL is being increasingly recognised and radiologists can play an important role in its early diagnosis. BIA ‐ ALCL is thought to be related to chronic inflammation from indolent infection of the biofilm surrounding implants leading to malignant transformation of activated T cells in genetically susceptible individuals. Clinical features include breast enlargement or asymmetry, discomfort, heaviness and/or a palpable mass in the context of long‐standing implant(s). Ultrasound is the primary imaging modality, and the presence of more than a trace of peri‐implant fluid should prompt consideration of aspiration for cytology, flow cytometry and microbiological analysis. This article reviews the clinical, imaging and pathology features of BIA ‐ ALCL . In addition, the current recommended management guidelines for suspected cases are discussed.