Cardioprotective effects of pectin–insulin patch in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats

Background Cardiovascular complications are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in diabetes mellitus. Despite the beneficial effects of subcutaneous insulin, reports suggest that the therapy itself precipitates cardiovascular risks due to the high insulin concentration administered. It is therefore necessary to seek alternative routes of insulin administration that may bypass the undesirable effects associated with high plasma insulin concentrations. Accordingly, the present study investigated the effects of a novel transdermal pectin–insulin patch on selected markers of cardiovascular function in diabetes. Methods Pectin–insulin matrix patches (20.0, 40.8, and 82.9 μg/kg) were prepared as described previously. The three formulations were applied to streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats thrice daily. Blood glucose concentrations and mean arterial pressure ( MAP ) were monitored weekly for 5 weeks. Rats were then killed and blood collected for analysis of the lipid profile, cardiotropin‐1, tumor necrosis factor ( TNF )‐α, and high‐sensitivity C ‐reactive protein (hs CRP ). Results The patches decreased blood glucose concentrations and diabetes‐induced disturbances in lipid profile were attenuated by patch application (82.9 μg/kg). The diabetes‐induced increase in MAP was also attenuated in patch (82.9 μg/kg)‐treated rats. Patch treatment resulted in a decreased heart weight: body weight ratio, as well as reductions in cardiotropin‐1, TNF ‐α, and hs CRP concentrations. Conclusions Application of the pectin–insulin patch protects against the debilitating cardiovascular effects associated with conventional diabetes treatment. This suggests that the pectin–insulin patch may provide an effective alternative therapeutic approach to the commonly used subcutaneous insulin injections in the management of diabetes.