Open AccessThe incretin hormone GLP‐1 and mechanisms underlying its secretion
Author(s) -
Tian Lili,
Jin Tianru
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
journal of diabetes
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.949
H-Index - 43
eISSN - 1753-0407
pISSN - 1753-0393
DOI - 10.1111/1753-0407.12439
Subject(s) - proglucagon , incretin , enteroendocrine cell , glucose homeostasis , secretion , glucagon like peptide 1 , prohormone convertase , hormone , islet , endocrinology , homeostasis , medicine , alpha cell , biology , insulin , type 2 diabetes , endocrine system , diabetes mellitus , beta cell , insulin resistance , prohormone
Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) is a cell type‐specific post‐translational product of proglucagon. It is encoded by the proglucagon gene and released primarily from intestinal endocrine L‐cells in response to hormonal, neuronal, and nutritional stimuli. In addition to serving as an incretin in mediating the effect of meal consumption on insulin secretion, GLP‐1 exerts other functions in pancreatic islets, including regulation of β‐cell proliferation and protection of β‐cells against metabolic stresses. Furthermore, GLP‐1 exerts numerous other functions in extrapancreatic organs, whereas brain GLP‐1 signaling controls satiety. Herein we review the discovery of two incretins and the development of GLP‐1‐based drugs. We also describe the development of cellular models for studying mechanisms underlying GLP‐1 secretion over the past 30 years. However, the main content of this review is a summary of studies on the exploration of mechanisms underlying GLP‐1 secretion. We not only summarize studies conducted over the past three decades on elucidating the role of nutritional components and hormonal factors in regulating GLP‐1 secretion, but also present a few very recent studies showing the possible role of dietary polyphenols. Finally, the emerging role of gut microbiota in metabolic homeostasis with the potential implication on GLP‐1 secretion is discussed.