Open AccessCharacteristics of the Clostridium difficile cell envelope and its importance in therapeutics
Author(s) -
Kirk Joseph A.,
Banerji Oishik,
Fagan Robert P.
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
microbial biotechnology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.287
H-Index - 74
ISSN - 1751-7915
DOI - 10.1111/1751-7915.12372
Subject(s) - clostridium difficile , peptidoglycan , microbiology and biotechnology , antibiotics , metronidazole , cell wall , cell , cell envelope , vancomycin , antimicrobial , bacterial cell structure , biology , bacteria , biochemistry , escherichia coli , gene , staphylococcus aureus , genetics
Summary Clostridium difficile infection ( CDI ) is a challenging threat to human health. Infections occur after disruption of the normal microbiota, most commonly through the use of antibiotics. Current treatment for CDI largely relies on the broad‐spectrum antibiotics vancomycin and metronidazole that further disrupt the microbiota resulting in frequent recurrence, highlighting the need for C. difficile‐ specific antimicrobials. The cell surface of C. difficile represents a promising target for the development of new drugs. C. difficile possesses a highly deacetylated peptidoglycan cell wall containing unique secondary cell wall polymers. Bound to the cell wall is an essential S‐layer, formed of SlpA and decorated with an additional 28 related proteins. In addition to the S‐layer, many other cell surface proteins have been identified, including several with roles in host colonization. This review aims to summarize our current understanding of these different C. difficile cell surface components and their viability as therapeutic targets.