Quaternary vicariance of tiger beetle, C icindela chinensis , in R yukyu, J apan, T aiwan and K orea– C hina

We show vicariance of C icindela chinensis in O kinawa, J apan (differentiated within J apan) and K orea– C hina through construction of B ayesian inference trees by BEAST 2. Calibration was done using an assumption of the MRCA expansion of C . chinensis at 1.55  M a (=geologically obtained formative time of the R yukyu islands) following the protocol of BEAU ti. We derived substitution rates for mitochondrial COI (1.66%/m.y.) and nuclear 28 S r RNA (0.109%/m.y.) of analyzed C icindela . C icindela ferriei is a sister of C . chinensis , and these two species differentiated from each other at ca. 3  M a before the expansion of C . chinensis . However, they are not strongly differentiated between A mami‐ O shima and T okuno‐shima, although they display different color. Vicariance at 1.55  M a is also recognized between C icindela batesi in T aiwan and C icindela aurulenta and virgula in continental C hina. From the sequence data we obtained, it is also evident that C . c. okinawana recently colonized I shigaki‐jima from O kinawa‐jima, as did C . batesi in I riomote‐jima from T aiwan.