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Effects of Uremic Toxins from the Gut Microbiota on Bone: A Brief Look at Chronic Kidney Disease
Author(s) -
Black Ana Paula,
Cardozo Ludmila F M F,
Mafra Denise
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
therapeutic apheresis and dialysis
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.415
H-Index - 53
eISSN - 1744-9987
pISSN - 1744-9979
DOI - 10.1111/1744-9987.12307
Subject(s) - uremic toxins , medicine , kidney disease , gut flora , bone disease , metabolic bone disease , disease , endocrinology , osteoporosis , immunology
Patients with chronic kidney disease ( CKD ) frequently have mineral and bone disorders ( CKD‐MBD ) that are caused by several mechanisms. Recent research has suggested that uremic toxins from the gut such as p‐cresyl sulfate ( PCS ) and indoxyl sulfate ( IS ) could also be involved in the development of bone disease in patients with CKD . IS and PCS are produced by microbiota in the gut, carried into the plasma bound to serum albumin, and are normally excreted into the urine. However, in patients with CKD , there is an accumulation of high levels of these uremic toxins. The exact mechanisms of action of uremic toxins in bone disease remain unclear. The purpose of this brief review is to discuss the link between uremic toxins ( IS and PCS ) and bone mineral disease in chronic kidney disease.