Premium
Detection of Mitragynine in Mitragyna Speciosa (Kratom) Using Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy with Handheld Devices
Author(s) -
Lanzarotta Adam,
Thatcher Michael D.,
Lorenz Lisa M.,
Batson JaCinta S.
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
journal of forensic sciences
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.715
H-Index - 96
eISSN - 1556-4029
pISSN - 0022-1198
DOI - 10.1111/1556-4029.14457
Subject(s) - raman spectroscopy , chromatography , analytical chemistry (journal) , materials science , chemistry , optics , physics
A simple, quick, selective, sensitive, and effective field‐friendly method capable of being used by nonexperts has been developed for detecting mitragynine in Mitragyna speciosa (kratom) using surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Over 100 samples and blanks (known to be either positive or negative for the presence of mitragynine) were examined in duplicate using five identical handheld Raman spectrometers, which provided a data set of over 1,000 examinations. Based on the results of these analyses, the method yielded a true‐positive rate of 99.3%, a true‐negative rate of 97.9%, a false‐positive rate of 2.1%, and a false‐negative rate of 0.7%. The average minimum detectable concentration ( C m ) of mitragynine that reproducibly yielded a match for one of the library spectra on all five instruments was determined to be 342 ng/mL (ppb). This C m value is a conservative estimate considering that the extraction process was not fully optimized by this study, which was not necessary since the C m value achieved was well below typical mitragynine concentrations in kratom (1.3–2.3%). The method is ideal (i) for prioritizing samples for additional testing using other more time‐consuming laboratory‐based techniques needed to detect and quantify mitragynine and (ii) for field use at international mail facility (IMF) satellite laboratories to help interdict kratom and prevent this dangerous product from reaching the U.S. supply chain.