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Source Determination of Red Gel Pen Inks using Raman Spectroscopy and Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy combined with Pearson's Product Moment Correlation Coefficients and Principal Component Analysis
Author(s) -
Mohamad Asri Muhammad Naeim,
Mat Desa Wan Nur Syuhaila,
Ismail Dzulkiflee
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
journal of forensic sciences
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.715
H-Index - 96
eISSN - 1556-4029
pISSN - 0022-1198
DOI - 10.1111/1556-4029.13522
Subject(s) - attenuated total reflection , fourier transform infrared spectroscopy , analytical chemistry (journal) , principal component analysis , correlation coefficient , spectroscopy , chemistry , raman spectroscopy , pearson product moment correlation coefficient , infrared spectroscopy , fourier transform spectroscopy , materials science , chromatography , mathematics , optics , physics , statistics , organic chemistry , quantum mechanics
The potential combination of two nondestructive techniques, that is, Raman spectroscopy ( RS ) and attenuated total reflectance–fourier transform infrared ( ATR ‐ FTIR ) spectroscopy with Pearson's product moment correlation ( PPMC ) coefficient ( r ) and principal component analysis ( PCA ) to determine the actual source of red gel pen ink used to write a simulated threatening note, was examined. Eighteen (18) red gel pens purchased from Japan and Malaysia from November to December 2014 where one of the pens was used to write a simulated threatening note were analyzed using RS and ATR ‐ FTIR spectroscopy, respectively. The spectra of all the red gel pen inks including the ink deposited on the simulated threatening note gathered from the RS and ATR ‐ FTIR analyses were subjected to PPMC coefficient ( r ) calculation and principal component analysis ( PCA ). The coefficients r = 0.9985 and r = 0.9912 for pairwise combination of RS and ATR ‐ FTIR spectra respectively and similarities in terms of PC 1 and PC 2 scores of one of the inks to the ink deposited on the simulated threatening note substantiated the feasibility of combining RS and ATR ‐ FTIR spectroscopy with PPMC coefficient ( r ) and PCA for successful source determination of red gel pen inks. The development of pigment spectral library had allowed the ink deposited on the threatening note to be identified as XSL Poppy Red ( CI Pigment Red 112).