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Infrared Spectra of U.S. Automobile Original Finishes (Post – 1989). VIII : In Situ Identification of Bismuth Vanadate Using Extended Range FT ‐ IR Spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy, and X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
Author(s) -
Suzuki Edward M.
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
journal of forensic sciences
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.715
H-Index - 96
eISSN - 1556-4029
pISSN - 0022-1198
DOI - 10.1111/1556-4029.12318
Subject(s) - vanadate , raman spectroscopy , infrared spectroscopy , analytical chemistry (journal) , bismuth vanadate , bismuth , spectroscopy , materials science , nuclear chemistry , mass spectrometry , chemistry , inorganic chemistry , photocatalysis , optics , metallurgy , chromatography , organic chemistry , physics , quantum mechanics , catalysis
Chrome Yellow ( PbC r O 4 · x PbSO 4 ) was a common pigment in U . S . automobile OEM finishes for more than three decades, but in the early 1990s its use was discontinued. One of its main replacements was Bismuth Vanadate ( B i VO 4 · n B i 2 M o O 6 , n = 0–2), which was commercially introduced in 1985, as this inorganic pigment also produces a very bright hue and has excellent outdoor durability. This paper describes the in situ identification of Bismuth Vanadate in automotive finishes using FT ‐ IR and dispersive R aman spectroscopy and XRF spectrometry. Some differentiation of commercial formulations of this pigment is possible based on far‐infrared absorptions, Raman data, and elemental analysis. The spectral differences arise from the presence or absence of molybdenum, the use of two crystal polymorphs of B i VO 4 , and differences in pigment stabilizers. Bismuth Vanadate is usually not used alone, and it is typically found with Isoindoline Yellow, hydrous ferric oxide, rutile, Isoindolinone Yellow 3 R , or various combinations of these.