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Illegal Use of Benzodiazepines and/or Zolpidem Proved by Hair Analysis
Author(s) -
Kim Jihyun,
In Sanghwan,
Choi Hwakyung,
Lee Sooyeun
Publication year - 2013
Publication title -
journal of forensic sciences
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.715
H-Index - 96
eISSN - 1556-4029
pISSN - 0022-1198
DOI - 10.1111/1556-4029.12034
Subject(s) - zolpidem , alprazolam , clonazepam , hair analysis , medical prescription , benzodiazepine , medicine , forensic toxicology , pharmacy , drug , pharmacology , psychiatry , anxiety , chemistry , family medicine , alternative medicine , chromatography , insomnia , receptor , pathology
The abuse and misuse of benzodiazepines and zolpidem are widespread internationally. Their illegal distribution has raised their abuse to a serious level, and they are often misused in crimes. In the present study, 18 cases involving the illegal use of benzodiazepines and/or zolpidem were proved by hair analysis. The drugs were extracted from the hair samples using methanol and analyzed using LC ‐ MS / MS . The cases were classified according to case history: five of illegal use in medical staff, eight through inappropriate or illegal distribution, and five related to drug‐facilitated crimes. Among the 18 cases, zolpidem was identified in eight, alprazolam in seven, diazepam in six, and clonazepam in four. The drug concentrations ranged from < LOQ to 6.47 ng/mg. Due to the ready supply and potential for criminal misuse of these drugs, programs for prescription drug monitoring and supervision of those handling these drugs are both recommended.