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Trade and Competitiveness of African Economies in the 21st Century
Author(s) -
Olofin S.
Publication year - 2002
Publication title -
african development review
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.654
H-Index - 32
eISSN - 1467-8268
pISSN - 1017-6772
DOI - 10.1111/1467-8268.00056
Subject(s) - international trade , treaty , economics , international economics , free trade , competition (biology) , trade barrier , negotiation , liberalization , political science , market economy , ecology , law , biology
One of the major challenges that may be confronting sub–Saharan African (SSA) economies in the 21st century is that of a changing North–South trading structure. An earlier study (Olofin, 1995), tried to show that close to the turn of the century, the SSA countries remained the only group of countries whose exports were predominantly primary products, complemented by trade in manufactured imports. In virtually every other region of the world, this pattern of trade had changed to a more competitive one. Most other nations had moved progressively away from primary exports to manufactured exports of the labour intensive type, and subsequently to more resource intensive manufactures. The single major development that has reshaped the terrain for global trade, and which will significantly influence the course of trade and international competitiveness in the 21st century, is the Uruguay Round (UR) negotiations. It produced the 1994 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and the subsequent World Trade Organization (WTO) treaty. Various analyses have shown (Sorsa, 1997) that the overall impact of UR trade liberalization on SSA countries may be quite insignificant at least in the short run. This is primarily because many of the provisions of the resulting WTO treaty do not cover the bulk of African trade, especially in respect of their exports. However, there is hardly any doubt that the GATT 1994/WTO treaty and its provisions would define the stage for global competition in production and trade in the 21st century. If SSA countries are not to be marginalized in the scheme of things over the medium to longer term, they will of necessity have to respond, if not to the immediate effects of the treaty on trade and competitiveness, at least to its longer–term ramifications. The resulting patterns of trade and competitiveness are likely to have far–reaching effects on the prospects for evolving a viable strategy for sustainable growth and development in these countries. The primary objective in this paper, therefore, is first to examine some of the implications of the outcome of the Uruguay Round negotiations for the external trade of sub–Saharan African countries as a bloc. Secondly, to identify some of the major obstacles to their competitiveness; and thirdly as a consequence, to be able to arrive at some form of research agenda, that should engage the attention of researchers and policy–makers alike within the region in the near to medium term. This is crucial, if appropriate policies are to emerge towards addressing the growing concerns on African marginalization in the face of increasing globalization. Les changements dans la structure des échanges entre le Nord et le Sud sont l’un des principaux défis auxquels les économies d’Afrique subsaharienne pourraient Átre confrontées au cours du 21ème siècle. Dans une étude précédente (Olofin, 1995), nous avons tenté de montrer qu’au tournant du siècle, l’Afrique subsaharienne reste l’unique région du monde dont les exportations sont essentiellement composées de produits primaires, complétées par des importations de produits manufacturés. Les négociations de l’Uruguay Round sont le seul élément nouveau majeur qui soit à l’origine de la recomposition de la physionomie du commerce mondial et qui exercera une influence significative sur l’évolution des échanges et de la compétitivité internationale au 21ème siècle. Ces négociations ont débouché sur l’Accord général sur les tarifs et le commerce (GATT) de 1994 ainsi que sur le traité subséquent relatif à l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC). Diverses analyses (Sorsa, 1997) ont montré que la libéralisation du commerce, négociée dans le cadre de l’Uruguay Round, n’aura qu’un impact global mineur sur les pays d’Afrique subsaharienne, au moins à court terme. Le présent document examine l’évolution consécutive aux principaux accords internationaux régissant le commerce et le transfert de technologie. Il analyse ensuite le manque de compétitivité des prix des exportations traditionnelles africaines et définit la nature des défis que les pays subsahariens devront relever en vue de devenir compétitifs dans une économie mondiale en constante mutation, durant le 21ème siècle et au–delà. Ces défis sont présentés sous la forme d’un guide sur le programme de recherche que la communauté des chercheurs s’intéressant au développement de l’Afrique devra nécessairement réaliser afin de trouver des solutions efficaces au problème de la marginalisation du continent et de sa compétitivité décroissante dans l’économie globale.