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Genetic and Environmental Influences on Individual Differences in Masculinity, Femininity, and Gender Diagnosticity: Analyzing Data From a Classic Twin Study
Author(s) -
Lippa Richard,
Hershberger Scott
Publication year - 1999
Publication title -
journal of personality
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.082
H-Index - 144
eISSN - 1467-6494
pISSN - 0022-3506
DOI - 10.1111/1467-6494.00050
Subject(s) - psychology , masculinity , femininity , social psychology , gender identity , developmental psychology , psychoanalysis
Analyzing data from Loehlin and Nichols's (1976) classic twin study, we computed measures of Masculine Instrumentality (M), Feminine Expressiveness (F), and Gender Diagnosticity (GD). Quantitative genetic modeling analyses of within‐sex individual differences in M, F, and GD indicated that: (1) Additive genetic factors contribute significantly to individual differences in M, F, and GD. (2) The environmental effects on M, F, and GD tend to be nonshared. (3) The genetic and environmental components of individual differences in M, F, and GD tend not to show gender differences. Finally, (4) the estimated within‐sex heritability of GD (.53) is significantly greater than the estimated within‐sex heritabilities of either M (.36) or F (.38).