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Motivation Crowding Theory
Author(s) -
Frey Bruno S.,
Jegen Reto
Publication year - 2001
Publication title -
journal of economic surveys
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.657
H-Index - 92
eISSN - 1467-6419
pISSN - 0950-0804
DOI - 10.1111/1467-6419.00150
Subject(s) - crowding , circumstantial evidence , economics , crowding out , incentive , empirical evidence , phenomenon , relevance (law) , variety (cybernetics) , intrinsic motivation , positive economics , macroeconomics , microeconomics , psychology , social psychology , political science , cognitive psychology , philosophy , physics , epistemology , quantum mechanics , artificial intelligence , computer science , law
The Motivation Crowding Effect suggests that external intervention via monetary incentives or punishments may undermine, and under different identifiable conditions strengthen, intrinsic motivation. As of today, the theoretical possibility of motivation crowding has been the main subject of discussion among economists. This study demonstrates that the effect is also of empirical relevance . There exist a large number of studies, offering empirical evidence in support of the existence of crowding–out and crowding–in. The study is based on circumstantial evidence, laboratory studies by both psychologists and economists, as well as field research by econometric studies. The pieces of evidence presented refer to a wide variety of areas of the economy and society and have been collected for many different countries and periods of time. Crowding effects thus are an empirically relevant phenomenon, which can, in specific cases, even dominate the traditional relative price effect.