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Summary  Strains belonging to the  Pseudomonas protegens  and  Pseudomonas chlororaphis  species are able to control soilborne plant pathogens and to kill pest insects by producing virulence factors such as toxins, chitinases, antimicrobials or two‐partner secretion systems. Most insecticidal  Pseudomonas  described so far were isolated from roots or soil. It is unknown whether these bacteria naturally occur in arthropods and how they interact with them. Therefore, we isolated  P .  protegens  and  P .  chlororaphis  from various healthy insects and myriapods, roots and soil collected in an agricultural field and a neighbouring grassland. The isolates were compared for insect killing, pathogen suppression and host colonization abilities. Our results indicate that neither the origin of isolation nor the phylogenetic position mirror the degree of insecticidal activity.  Pseudomonas protegens  strains appeared homogeneous regarding phylogeny, biocontrol and insecticidal capabilities, whereas  P .  chlororaphis  strains were phylogenetically and phenotypically more heterogenous. A phenotypic and genomic analysis of five closely related  P .  chlororaphis  isolates displaying varying levels of insecticidal activity revealed variations in genes encoding insecticidal factors that may account for the reduced insecticidal activity of certain isolates. Our findings point towards an adaption to insects within closely related pseudomonads and contribute to understand the ecology of insecticidal  Pseudomonas .

environmental microbiology

Phylogenetically closely related pseudomonads isolated from arthropods exhibit differential insect‐killing abilities and genetic variations in insecticidal factors