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Remote ischaemic preconditioning modifies serum apolipoprotein D, met‐enkephalin, adenosine, and nitric oxide in healthy young adults
Author(s) -
Ng Michelle W.,
Angerosa Julie,
Konstantinov Igor E.,
Cheung Michael M.,
Pepe Salvatore
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.752
H-Index - 103
eISSN - 1440-1681
pISSN - 0305-1870
DOI - 10.1111/1440-1681.13150
Subject(s) - nitric oxide , medicine , bradykinin , adenosine , apolipoprotein b , ischemia , venous blood , endocrinology , anesthesia , receptor , cholesterol
Remote ischaemic preconditioning ( RIPC ) has been employed as a non‐invasive protective intervention against myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion injury in animal studies. However, the underlying mechanisms are incompletely defined in humans and its clinical efficacy has been inconclusive. As advanced age, disease, and drugs may confound RIPC mechanisms in patients, our aim is to measure whether RIPC evokes release of adenosine, bradykinin, met‐enkephalin, nitric oxide, and apolipoproteins in healthy young adults. Healthy subjects (n = 18, 9 males, 23 ± 1.5 years old; 9 females, 23 ± 1.8 years old) participated after informed consent. RIPC was applied using a blood pressure cuff to the dominant arms for four cycles of 5‐minute cuff inflation (ischaemia) and 5‐minute cuff deflation (reperfusion). Blood was sampled at baseline and immediately after the final cuff deflation (Post‐ RIPC ). Baseline and Post‐ RIPC plasma levels of adenosine, bradykinin, met‐enkephalin, apolipoprotein A‐1 (ApoA‐1), apolipoprotein D (ApoD), and nitric oxide (as nitrite) were measured via ELISA and high‐performance liquid chromatography. Mean (± SD ) baseline levels of adenosine, bradykinin, met‐enkephalin, ApoA‐1, ApoD, and nitrite in healthy young adults were 13.8 ± 6.5 ng/ mL , 2.6 ± 1.9 μg/ mL , 594.1 ± 197.4 pg/ mL , 3.0 ± 0.7 mg/ mL , 22.2 ± 4.0 μg/ mL , and 49.8 ± 13.4 nmol/L, respectively. Post‐ RIPC adenosine and nitrite levels increased (59.5 ± 37.9%, P < .0001; 32.2 ± 19.5%, P < .0001), whereas met‐enkephalin and ApoD levels marginally decreased (5.3 ± 14.0%, P = .04; 10.8 ± 20.5%, P = .04). Post‐ RIPC levels were not influenced by sex, age, blood pressure, waist circumference, or BMI . RIPC produces increased levels of adenosine and nitrites, and decreased met‐enkephalin and ApoD in the plasma of young healthy adults.