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Effects of social structure and management on risk of disease establishment in wild pigs
Author(s) -
Yang Anni,
Schlichting Peter,
Wight Bethany,
Anderson Wesley M.,
Chinn Sarah M.,
Wilber Mark Q.,
Miller Ryan S.,
Beasley James C.,
Boughton Raoul K.,
VerCauteren Kurt C.,
Wittemyer George,
Pepin Kim M.
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
journal of animal ecology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.134
H-Index - 157
eISSN - 1365-2656
pISSN - 0021-8790
DOI - 10.1111/1365-2656.13412
Subject(s) - wildlife , geography , social contact , population , outbreak , wildlife disease , habitat , home range , wildlife management , recreation , range (aeronautics) , biology , contact tracing , demography , ecology , disease , zoology , environmental health , infectious disease (medical specialty) , medicine , covid-19 , virology , psychology , developmental psychology , materials science , pathology , sociology , composite material
Abstract Contact heterogeneity among hosts determines invasion and spreading dynamics of infectious disease, thus its characterization is essential for identifying effective disease control strategies. Yet, little is known about the factors shaping contact networks in many wildlife species and how wildlife management actions might affect contact networks. Wild pigs in North America are an invasive, socially structured species that pose a health concern for domestic swine given their ability to transmit numerous devastating diseases such as African swine fever (ASF). Using proximity loggers and GPS data from 48 wild pigs in Florida and South Carolina, USA, we employed a probabilistic framework to estimate weighted contact networks. We determined the effects of sex, social group and spatial distribution (monthly home‐range overlap and distance) on wild pig contact. We also estimated the impacts of management‐induced perturbations on contact and inferred their effects on ASF establishment in wild pigs with simulation. Social group membership was the primary factor influencing contacts. Between‐group contacts depended primarily on space use characteristics, with fewer contacts among groups separated by >2 km and no contacts among groups >4 km apart within a month. Modelling ASF dynamics on the contact network demonstrated that indirect contacts resulting from baiting (a typical method of attracting wild pigs or game species to a site to enhance recreational hunting) increased the risk of disease establishment by ~33% relative to direct contact. Low‐intensity population reduction (<5.9% of the population) had no detectable impact on contact structure but reduced predicted ASF establishment risk relative to no population reduction. We demonstrate an approach for understanding the relative role of spatial, social and individual‐level characteristics in shaping contact networks and predicting their effects on disease establishment risk, thus providing insight for optimizing disease control in spatially and socially structured wildlife species.