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We have studied the incidence angle (&#x03B8;0) dependence of the sea ice backscattering coefficient (0.&#x00B0;) for Sentinel-1 (S-1) extra wide (EW) mode dualpolarization (HH/HV) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery acquired over the Kara Sea under winter and summer melting conditions. The determination of the 0.&#x00B0; versus &#x03B8;0 dependence was based on SAR image pairs acquired on ascending and descending orbits over the same sea ice area with a short time difference. The SAR noise floor was subtracted from the HV images. From the image pairs 1.1 by 1.1 km windows representing level first-year ice (LFYI) and deformed first-year ice (DFYI) were manually selected, and a linear regression was fit between the resulting 0.&#x00B0; and &#x03B8;0 differences of the windows to estimate the slope b1 (dB/1&#x00B0;) between 0.&#x00B0; and &#x03B8;0. For example, under winter condition b1 for DFYI at HHand HV-polarizations was found to be -0.24 and -0.16 dB/1&#x00B0;, respectively, and b1 for LFYI at HH-polarization was -0.25 dB/1&#x00B0;. It was not possible to determine a reliable b1 for LFYI at HV due to a contamination effect of the S-1 noise floor. The b1 values at HH compared well with previous studies. They can be used to compensate the 0.&#x00B0; incidence angle variation in the S-1 EW SAR images with good accuracy. The HH b1 values are applicable to other S-1 imaging modes and other C-band SAR sensors like RADARSAT-2. Unfortunately, the HV b1 values are specific to the S-1 EW mode due to the noise floor problem.

Incidence Angle Dependence of First-Year Sea Ice Backscattering Coefficient in Sentinel-1 SAR Imagery Over the Kara Sea