Incidence Angle Dependence of First-Year Sea Ice Backscattering Coefficient in Sentinel-1 SAR Imagery Over the Kara Sea

We have studied the incidence angle (θ0) dependence of the sea ice backscattering coefficient (0.°) for Sentinel-1 (S-1) extra wide (EW) mode dualpolarization (HH/HV) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery acquired over the Kara Sea under winter and summer melting conditions. The determination of the 0.° versus θ₀ dependence was based on SAR image pairs acquired on ascending and descending orbits over the same sea ice area with a short time difference. The SAR noise floor was subtracted from the HV images. From the image pairs 1.1 by 1.1 km windows representing level first-year ice (LFYI) and deformed first-year ice (DFYI) were manually selected, and a linear regression was fit between the resulting 0.° and θ0 differences of the windows to estimate the slope b₁ (dB/1°) between 0.° and θ0. For example, under winter condition b₁ for DFYI at HHand HV-polarizations was found to be -0.24 and -0.16 dB/1°, respectively, and b₁ for LFYI at HH-polarization was -0.25 dB/1°. It was not possible to determine a reliable b₁ for LFYI at HV due to a contamination effect of the S-1 noise floor. The b₁ values at HH compared well with previous studies. They can be used to compensate the 0.° incidence angle variation in the S-1 EW SAR images with good accuracy. The HH b₁ values are applicable to other S-1 imaging modes and other C-band SAR sensors like RADARSAT-2. Unfortunately, the HV b₁ values are specific to the S-1 EW mode due to the noise floor problem.