Digital Twins and Cyber–Physical Systems Toward the Digitalization of Power and Energy Systems

Digital twins (DTs) and Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are forerunner technologies for the digital transformation of power and energy systems (PESs), which directly and indirectly affect human society. These technologies introduce innovative methods for the monitoring, controlling, and optimising of complex infrastructures by facilitating a comprehensive and broader view of physical PESs. DTs and CPSs share some core similarities, both are fundamentally based on data, and both have simulation capabilities. However, they differ in their specific applications and developmental approaches in PESs. Correct understanding of these differences is crucial in order to utilise their individual advantages and tackle their individual challenges. Therefore, this paper provides a systematic review of DTs and CPS, focusing on their distinct capabilities, applications, benefits, and challenges. Further, this paper describes the roles of these technologies in digitalisation of PESs, along with the impacts and considerations necessary for their effective implementation. This paper aims to provide detailed information for researchers, experts, policymakers, and industry stakeholders about the DT and CPS technologies. It will enable them to make proactive decision-making, enhancing the ongoing digital transformation of PESs.