Edge AI–Brain-Computer Interfaces System: A Survey

Edge artificial intelligence (Edge AI) has emerged as a transformative paradigm for enhancing the performance, portability, and autonomy of brain–computer interface (BCI) systems. By integrating advanced AI capabilities directly into electroencephalography (EEG)-based devices, Edge AI enables real-time signal processing, reduces dependence on external computational resources, and improves data privacy. However, deploying AI on resource-constrained hardware introduces challenges related to computational capacity, power consumption, and system latency. This survey provides a comprehensive examination of Edge AI–enabled BCI systems, covering the full pipeline from EEG hardware specifications and on-device data acquisition to signal preprocessing techniques and lightweight deep learning models optimized for embedded platforms. We review existing frameworks, specialized hardware accelerators, and energy-efficient AI approaches that facilitate real-time BCI processing at the edge. Furthermore, the paper reviews state-of-the-art solutions, examines key technical challenges, and outlines future research directions in hardware–software co-design and application development. This work aims to serve as a reference for researchers and practitioners seeking to design efficient, portable, and practical Edge AI–powered BCI systems.