Smart contract-based peer-to-peer energy token trading for self-decisive retailers and prosumers with flexible loads

The increasing integration of distributed renewable energy resources has transformed consumers into prosumers. Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading markets have emerged as a promising solution to facilitate prosumer participation in energy markets. This paper proposes a novel market model for local P2P energy token trading, integrating self-decisive retailers and smallscale prosumers with flexible loads. Within the proposed market structure, retailers as self-decisive agents, can participate in a dynamic and competitive market, ensured by demurrage mechanism, and connect local prosumers to upper energy markets. In this model, local prosumers can choose either directly trade energy tokens with retailers or with other prosumers in the P2P market. Moreover, by having both shiftable and cuttable loads, prosumers can manage their energy costs more effectively and improve their trading strategy. The simulation results showed the importance of the demand response program in promoting the independence of the local P2P energy token trading market. Furthermore, results show retailers can increase the welfare of local prosumers in a local P2P energy token market.