Compact Environment in ISO 15693 HF RFID Tag Collision and Interference With KMC-PQ-RDCR Algorithm Recovery

This paper presents novel HF RFID (ISO 15693) scanning method and algorithm, KMC-PQ-RDCR (K-mean Clustering Post Query RFID Data Collision Recovery), enhanced with a k-means clustering algorithm to improve both time performance and detection efficiency. The study begins by examining the challenges posed by tag collisions and tag interference in a compact environment, offering insights into the performance limitations of HF RFID readers under such conditions. To address these issues, the study derived a SO (Scan Once) protocol and EMV (External Memory Vault), which are effective in mitigating tag interference common in dense environments. The SO protocol restricts RFID interrogation to a single instance, with additional tag information retrieved via EMV, significantly increasing the total scan instances and reducing tag interference. Building on this, the PQ-RDCR algorithm was developed to recover collision tags by eliminating multi-response tags to the reader. Although effective, the initial PQ-RDCR algorithm exhibited high time complexity in large collision-prone areas. To further enhance the recovery process, we introduce KMC-PQ-RDCR, a k-means clustering-based RFID recovery algorithm that accurately identifies collision tags’ interrogation areas, thereby reducing multiple scanning iterations and enhancing detection performance. A comparative analysis involving both metal and non-metal storage structures, alongside benchmarking against existing approaches and standard industry scanning protocols. reveals the superior efficiency and effectiveness of the KMC-PQ-RDCR algorithm.