OOK Harmonic Rectifier-Modulator for Self-Aligning Wireless IoT Sensor Nodes with Uncompromised Efficiency | Zendy

Geonwoo Lee | Zendy; Namkyung Lee | Zendy; Juntaek Oh | Zendy

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OOK Harmonic Rectifier-Modulator for Self-Aligning Wireless IoT Sensor Nodes with Uncompromised Efficiency

Author(s) -

Geonwoo Lee,

Namkyung Lee,

Juntaek Oh

Publication year - 2025

Publication title -

ieee access

Language(s) - English

Resource type - Magazines

SCImago Journal Rank - 0.587

H-Index - 127

eISSN - 2169-3536

DOI - 10.1109/access.2025.3620489

Subject(s) - aerospace , bioengineering , communication, networking and broadcast technologies , components, circuits, devices and systems , computing and processing , engineered materials, dielectrics and plasmas , engineering profession , fields, waves and electromagnetics , general topics for engineers , geoscience , nuclear engineering , photonics and electrooptics , power, energy and industry applications , robotics and control systems , signal processing and analysis , transportation

This paper presents a harmonic based on-off keying (OOK) rectifier-modulator (HRM) for energy efficient battery-less self-aligning wireless sensor nodes. The proposed HRM efficiently converts the incident fundamental power to DC and simultaneously backscatters an OOK-modulated second-harmonic (2f 0 ) signal, thereby enabling straightforward localization and data communication with the wireless power transfer (WPT) transmitter. The OOK harmonic control network (HCN) modulates the 2f 0 signal without disturbing the diode’s fundamental-band impedance, thus maintaining high power conversion efficiency (PCE). Fabricated on a 0.79-mm Taconic TLC-32 substrate, the prototype preserves virtually identical peak PCEs of 72.7% and 73.8% for the ON and OFF states, respectively, at 27 dBm input and achieves conversion gains (CG) of −11.1 dB at 11 dBm, respectively. A measured on-off isolation of 23 dB, exceeding 10 dB at 2.3–2.6 GHz, confirmed robust OOK modulation. System-level tests with patch antennas at 2.45/4.9 GHz further verified stable direct current (DC) harvesting and harmonic backscatter under spatial misalignments, demonstrating a compact passive solution that merges high efficiency energy harvesting with self-beam alignment in practical WPT links. These features make the tag suitable for distributed wireless IoT sensor nodes, for which battery replacement is impractical.

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