The role of nature-based solutions in improving temperature and noise-related comfort in compact urban areas

Urban areas are increasingly affected by environmental stressors such as elevated temperatures and excessive noise, which compromise the usability of public spaces. Nature-based solutions (NBS) are gaining recognition as context-sensitive interventions to mitigate such issues, yet their effective implementation, especially in compact urban areas, depends on specific spatial and morphological conditions. This study evaluates the spatial feasibility of four NBS types: green roofs, vertical greenery, and natural terrain with high or low vegetation across four pilot streets in Ljubljana, each representing a distinct urban typology. Using high-resolution environmental data and discomfort analysis (Ravnikar et al., in press), we developed spatial suitability criteria based on a targeted literature review and technical guidelines. These were operationalised in a GIS-based overlay analysis to identify feasible implementation sites. The results confirm that spatial constraints such as limited open space, unfavourable façade orientation, and underground infrastructure—often restrict the capacity of NBS to deliver meaningful improvements. While some interventions are feasible, their impact remains fragmentary, highlighting the need to consider spatial and technical requirements from the earliest planning stages. Proactive integration of NBS into spatial development is essential to move beyond isolated interventions and achieve systemic environmental benefits.