An Integrated Decision-Making Framework for Enhancing Blockchain Scalability and Efficiency: Layer-2, Off-chain Storage, and Smart Contracts | Zendy

Khoa Tan Vo | Zendy; Hong-Tri Nguyen | Zendy; Tu-Anh Nguyen-Hoang | Zendy

Open Access

An Integrated Decision-Making Framework for Enhancing Blockchain Scalability and Efficiency: Layer-2, Off-chain Storage, and Smart Contracts

Author(s) -

Khoa Tan Vo,

Hong-Tri Nguyen,

Tu-Anh Nguyen-Hoang

Publication year - 2025

Publication title -

ieee access

Language(s) - English

Resource type - Magazines

SCImago Journal Rank - 0.587

H-Index - 127

eISSN - 2169-3536

DOI - 10.1109/access.2025.3596021

Subject(s) - aerospace , bioengineering , communication, networking and broadcast technologies , components, circuits, devices and systems , computing and processing , engineered materials, dielectrics and plasmas , engineering profession , fields, waves and electromagnetics , general topics for engineers , geoscience , nuclear engineering , photonics and electrooptics , power, energy and industry applications , robotics and control systems , signal processing and analysis , transportation

Blockchain technology has advanced trust and transparency across various sectors, yet persistent limitations remain in scalability, data storage, and smart contract efficiency. Existing research addresses these issues individually, via Layer 2 (L2) scaling, off-chain storage, or contract-level optimizations, but lacks an integrated methodology to guide system-level design. This paper proposes a unified decision-making framework for systematically evaluating and balancing trade-offs among performance, cost, and security across blockchain layers. Drawing on a comprehensive review of foundational and recent literature, the framework introduces quantifiable metrics, including the Scalability Necessity Factor (ScaNF), the Cost Efficiency Factor (CEF), and the Security Necessity Factor (SecNF), to support architecture-level decisions. Through formalized evaluation criteria, it enables developers to identify when and how to adopt L2 rollups, off-chain storage models, and smart contract optimizations. The framework is positioned as a generalizable tool for designing efficient, scalable, and secure blockchain applications in practice.

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