Open AccessTowards hybrid pixel detectors for energy‐dispersive or soft X‐ray photon science
Author(s) -
Jungmann-Smith J. H.,
Bergamaschi A.,
Brückner M.,
Cartier S.,
Dinapoli R.,
Greiffenberg D.,
Huthwelker T.,
Maliakal D.,
Mayilyan D.,
Medjoubi K.,
Mezza D.,
Mozzanica A.,
Ramilli M.,
Ruder Ch.,
Schädler L.,
Schmitt B.,
Shi X.,
Tinti G.
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
journal of synchrotron radiation
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.172
H-Index - 99
ISSN - 1600-5775
DOI - 10.1107/s1600577515023541
Subject(s) - charge sharing , pixel , physics , optics , detector , photon , noise (video) , laser , photon counting , optoelectronics , x ray detector , computer science , artificial intelligence , image (mathematics)
JUNGFRAU (adJUstiNg Gain detector FoR the Aramis User station) is a two‐dimensional hybrid pixel detector for photon science applications at free‐electron lasers and synchrotron light sources. The JUNGFRAU 0.4 prototype presented here is specifically geared towards low‐noise performance and hence soft X‐ray detection. The design, geometry and readout architecture of JUNGFRAU 0.4 correspond to those of other JUNGFRAU pixel detectors, which are charge‐integrating detectors with 75 µm × 75 µm pixels. Main characteristics of JUNGFRAU 0.4 are its fixed gain and r.m.s. noise of as low as 27 e − electronic noise charge (<100 eV) with no active cooling. The 48 × 48 pixels JUNGFRAU 0.4 prototype can be combined with a charge‐sharing suppression mask directly placed on the sensor, which keeps photons from hitting the charge‐sharing regions of the pixels. The mask consists of a 150 µm tungsten sheet, in which 28 µm‐diameter holes are laser‐drilled. The mask is aligned with the pixels. The noise and gain characterization, and single‐photon detection as low as 1.2 keV are shown. The performance of JUNGFRAU 0.4 without the mask and also in the charge‐sharing suppression configuration (with the mask, with a `software mask' or a `cluster finding' algorithm) is tested, compared and evaluated, in particular with respect to the removal of the charge‐sharing contribution in the spectra, the detection efficiency and the photon rate capability. Energy‐dispersive and imaging experiments with fluorescence X‐ray irradiation from an X‐ray tube and a synchrotron light source are successfully demonstrated with an r.m.s. energy resolution of 20% (no mask) and 14% (with the mask) at 1.2 keV and of 5% at 13.3 keV. The performance evaluation of the JUNGFRAU 0.4 prototype suggests that this detection system could be the starting point for a future detector development effort for either applications in the soft X‐ray energy regime or for an energy‐dispersive detection system.